Date of Award

Spring 2025

Thesis Type

Open Access

Degree Name

Honors Bachelor of Arts

Department

Social Entrepreneurship

Sponsor

Dr. Walter Mswaka

Committee Member

Dr. Tonia Warnecke

Committee Member

Dr. Anne Murdaugh

Abstract

This thesis examines how social enterprises address the nexus of climate change, energy poverty, and resilience in Zambia. Despite abundant renewable resources, only 34% of Zambians have electricity access, with stark urban-rural disparities (67% vs 14.5%). Using a qualitative multiple case study approach, this research analyzes ZESCO Limited, Muhanya Solar Limited, and Nyimba Energy Service Company (NESCO) through an integrated theoretical framework combining Social-Ecological-Technical Systems (SETS), energy justice, and social entrepreneurship theories. The study reveals that social enterprises demonstrate innovative approaches including NESCO's energy service company model and Muhanya's prepaid metering system, yet face significant challenges achieving financial sustainability and scaling operations. Key findings indicate that institutional positioning within ZESCO's dominant market structure, technical adaptation to local conditions, community engagement approaches, and resource mobilization strategies critically influence enterprise success. A fundamental tension exists between affordable rural energy provision and operational viability, with both mini-grid operators unable to achieve full cost recovery despite different business models. Climate change amplifies these challenges through Zambia's hydropower vulnerability while creating opportunities for climate-resilient solar alternatives. The research contributes practical implications for policymakers, entrepreneurs, and development partners, emphasizing the need for integrated approaches addressing institutional barriers, technical standards, community engagement, and innovative financing mechanisms. These findings advance understanding of renewable energy provision in challenging contexts and inform strategies for expanding clean energy access to millions of Zambians without reliable electricity.

Rights Holder

Bupe Kunda

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